Harshen Proto-Afroasiatic

Proto-Afroasiatic (PAA), wanda aka fi sani da Proto-Hamito-Semitic, Proto-Semito-Hamitic, da Proto-Afrasian, shine harshen da aka sake ginawa wanda duk harsunan Afroasiatic na zamani suka fito. Kodayake kimantawa sun bambanta sosai, masana sun yi imanin cewa an yi magana da shi a matsayin yare ɗaya a cikin shekaru 12,000 zuwa 18,000 da suka gabata (12 zuwa 18 kya), wato, tsakanin 16,000 da 10,000 BC. Kodayake babu wata yarjejeniya game da wurin asalin Afroasiatic, asalin asalin masu magana da Proto-Afroasiatic. ^[1] Yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa yana cikin yankin Arewa maso gabashin Afirka

^[2]sake ginawa Proto-Afroasiatic yana da matsala kuma bai ci gaba zuwa matakin da aka samu a cikin ilimin harshe na Indo-Turai ba. Yawancin lokaci da aka raba rassan, tare da nisa mai yawa tsakanin shaidu na rassan asali (karni na 3 BC don Masar da Semitic, ƙarni na 19 da 20 ga yawancin yarukan Chadic, Cushitic, da Omotic) yana nufin cewa ƙayyade takaddun sauti har yanzu ba zai yiwu ba. Baya ga takardun gargajiya da aka tsara, akwai kuma wani ra'ayi daban-daban wanda ya zama sananne tsakanin Masana kimiyyar Masar; babu wata yarjejeniya game da wasula na PAA, kasancewar sautin, ko tsarin syllable. A lokaci guda, malamai ba su yarda da ko kuma har zuwa wane irin Harsunan Semitic na gargajiya ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, wakilci mai aminci na yanayin PAA. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga tambayar ko Tushen ƙamus a cikin harshe sun kasance mafi yawan biradical ko triradical, wato, ko suna da asali biyu ko uku. Har ila yau, yana taka rawa a cikin tambayar matakin da Proto-Afroasiatic ke da tushen-da-tsarin morphology, kamar yadda aka fi nunawa a cikin rassan Semitic, Masar, da Cushitic.

Duk da haka akwai wasu abubuwa na yarjejeniya da sake gina ƙamus. Yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa sunayen Proto-Afroasiatic suna da Jima'i na ilimin lissafi, aƙalla lambobi biyu kuma mai yiwuwa uku na ilimin lissafin (ɗaya, jam'i, kuma mai yiwuwa biyu), da kuma tsarin shari'a tare da aƙalla lokuta biyu. Proto-Afroasiatic na iya kasancewa da alamar suna ko Ergative-absolutive alignment. An kuma sake gina prefix na deverbal *mV- a ko'ina. Duk da yake akwai rashin jituwa game da siffofin wakilan PAA, akwai yarjejeniya cewa akwai masu zaman kansu da "ƙuntata" (marasa damuwa, ƙuntataccen) siffofi. Har ila yau, akwai yarjejeniya cewa yaduwar n = namiji da jam'i, t = mace ya koma PAA, da kuma game da kasancewar wakilin tambaya *mV, wanda watakila bai bambanta animacy ba. Akwai wasu yarjejeniyoyi cewa kalmar PAA tana da nau'o'i biyu ko yiwuwar guda uku, kodayake akwai rashin jituwa game da abin da waɗannan nau'ikan suka kasance da kuma irin lokutan, fannoni, ko yanayin da suka bayyana. Har ila yau, akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa cewa akwai yiwuwar saiti biyu na ƙididdigar ƙididdiga (prefixes da suffixes) da aka yi amfani da su don dalilai daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, muhimmancin gemination na magana da reduplication da kasancewar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga guda uku, musamman na -*s-, ana sake gina su. Ba za a iya sake gina tsarin lambobi ba, kodayake an ba da shawarar lambobi masu yawa na PAA da saiti masu alaƙa daga 1 zuwa 9.

1. ↑ Güldemann 2018. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGüldemann2018 (help)
2. ↑ Ratcliffe 2012. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRatcliffe2012 (help)